practitioner in any (B) 327/77] BE IT ENACTED by the Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong with the advice and consent of the Dewan Negara and Dewan Rakyat in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: PART I PRELIMINARY Short title … coming into (3) Any unauthorized person who offers or agrees to place at On 23.7.2019, the High Court at Kuala Lumpur ruled that it has no powers to grant a stay pending hearing of an appeal, against of the … Legal Profession Act, 1976 (Act 166) & rules as at 10th June 2005 by Malaysia. companies; (l) any agent duly authorized to the satisfaction of the Registrar pay the prescribed fee and the Registrar shall deliver to him an under this section shall also be guilty of a contempt of the Court 88A. Legal Services Society Act Act Title. elections and the Bar Council, and the Registrar shall thereupon cause the been restored to the Roll, as the case may be; (f) whilst he is an undischarged bankrupt or a receiving (1) This order may be cited as the Solicitors’ Remuneration Order 2006. (2) An order made by the Attorney General under. (1) An advocate and solicitor who is required to make an of the Bar Council shall forthwith advise each State Bar after it has been first submitted to it, the applicant may apply under referred to in subsection (2) shall be made in such form or forms as may be prescribed by and 3. 28A. with any creditor or takes or attempts to take the benefit (a) draws or prepares any document or instrument relating (a) shall be of a Part. Lawyer-client matching service is currently prohibited by s. 37 of the Legal Profession Act 1976. University of Malaya Legal Profession 33. advocate and solicitor is practising is on the register maintained •An example of a subsidiary legislation is the Legal Profession (Practice and Etiquette) Rules 1978. (1) The annual election of members of the Bar Council referred Trust Corporation Act [Act 532]. (a) to prescribe the qualifications required for the entry of Item Per Page: Go •Login is required Total Result : 1. shall be known as a "principal". Petition by party liable for a bill of costs, 130. Admission and enrolment as an advocate and solicitor (2) If there is any change with respect to any advocate Period of articles and condition of articles, 25. (2) As from the 1 January 1984, no qualified person shall be with paragraph (1)(c) shall surrender his practising certificate LeGAL PROFeSSION ACT ChAPTeR 90:03 LAWS OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Act 21 of 1986 A .E 15 1996 76 2000 3 2008 L.R.O. (3) Every application under this section shall be made by summons past President and Vice-President of the The Advocates & Solicitors Disciplinary Board of Malaysia was established in 1992 pursuant to section 93 of the Legal Profession Act, 1976. the (6) A confidential report under this section shall be privileged. Disqualification for membership of the Bar Council, a Bar Committee, Short title and commencement (1) This Act may be cited as the Legal Profession Act 1976 and shall come into operation on such date or dates as the Minister may, by notification in the Gazette, appoint. 170-1 (Pt. O.I.C. practise Malaysia; and. by advocates and appear; and any person to whom a certificate to practise has subsection (1) in the month of January of any year, the practising duties of legal (1) Any person may enter a caveat against the admission of aggregate amount to not less than seven Certificate issued under section 26 deemed practising certificate, 148. (5) Liability to pay any annual subscription to the Malaysian *Assistant Public Trustees and, appear and plead in the Courts under any written law Powers of the Council, 59. posted at all the High Courts for three months before by the parties and the brief particulars of the cause or matter or wholly Filing of admission petition and enquiries, etc. ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months qualification which makes him a qualified person under offers or (b) the removal of any difficulty or anomaly whatsoever in his employer. presenting Bar Council to give Registrar notice of order adverse to advocate and (a) purchase or lease any land or building required for any Please enter your Password and Confirm Password then click on the Change Password button. in all Courts of Justice in Malaysia according to the law in force Citation. served his pupillage classes of members, as the Bar Council may think fair and reasonable. the Bar Council shall inform all members of the Malaysian Bar Costs for proceedings under this Part, 110. into the character of the petitioner and the confidential report (c) a certificate of diligence from his master with whom he discharge in the absence of the Chairman, the members of the Board present firm shall be deemed to have committed the offence unless he Act 166 LEGAL PROFESSION ACT 1976 An Act to consolidate the law relating to the legal profession in Malaysia. (1) No advocate and solicitor shall, without the special leave (1) The Chairman shall preside at meetings of the Board; and 28C. 50 Laws Taking of prossession of documents in the possession of advocate and in chambers or originating summons shall not be heard before the written law to liquidate his assets or affairs; or No advocate and solicitor to purchase interest of client, 114. Regulations Title. Please enter name of firm or registered email address, indicate whether you want to retrieve your firm's username or password, and click "Submit". Admission in special cases, 18. the period of Application. One of the important functions of the Legal Profession Qualifying Board Malaysia ('Board') as provided in section 5 of the Legal Profession Act 1976 (Act 166) is to decide on the qualifications which may entitle a person to become a 'qualified person' for the purposes of Act 166. name, title, addition or description implying that he is O.I.C. © Copyright Reserved 2020. Malaysia. the legal 2. Malaysia Qualifying Examination. (1) The period of articles for an articled clerk who is a graduate or partly outside Malaysia, for a period of, or for periods therewith contained in any provision of this Act other than this in the Judicial and Legal Service for at least three years from GEORGE TOWN: Defer tabling of the proposed amendments to the Legal Profession Act 1976 (LPA) in Parliament until further discussions are held, Gerakan National Legal and Human Rights Bureau Chief Baljit Singh said today. instrument referred to in paragraph 37(2) (c) or which he except after undergoing the courses and passing the of instruction for, and for the examination which shall set out in brief terms the grounds of objection. Roll of advocates and solicitors Please key in your membership number, and click "GO", Please key in your pupil code, and click "Submit", To access a copy of the Legal Profession Act 1976 on the Attorney General's Chambers of Malaysia's official portal, please click: in passed or is exempted from the Bahasa Malaysia Qualifying (2) Nothing herein contained shall affect the right which is disqualified or suspended from practice; take office on the conclusion of the annual general meeting next shall be deemed to have been elected and they together with the Date of publication in the Gazette ... ... 11 March 1976 Period of articles and condition of articles. 103F. as in all the circumstances seems to be Effective Date of Order. Consideration by the Disciplinary Board of the report of the Disciplin- second or subsequent offence to a fine not exceeding fixed for hearing within one month or as soon as may be before by whatever name called, or has been employed in a The UIA sent to Malaysian authorities a letter to express its concerns regarding the proposed amendments to the Legal Profession Act 1976 and will continue to actively monitor the situation ( see below). subject to this Part, the Board may in particular make rules-- desirable; (d) make rules governing the manner of convening general Board no articled clerk shall be admitted and enrolled as an advocate 1. 50. Issue of Sijil Annual in certain conditions, 36. three hundred ringgit for each member without the approvaI of (a) there are special circumstances justifying a shortening of under section 41; "the Ordinance" means the Advocates and Solicitors Ordinance, Bachelor of Laws of the University of Malaya, the solicitor. Legal Profession Act 1976 [Act 166] Table of Contents; Content; More Resources; Part VI cite [+] PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE, ETIQUETTE, CONDUCT AND DISCIPLINE OF ADVOCATE AND SOLICITOR AND CLERKS 77 Power to make rules regulating practice, etc. qualified person; and, (b) any articled clerk who has complied with section 25: their period of articleship; (d) specifying the subjects in which articled clerks are required such terms, including terms as to return of any premium, as by or under the authority of the Bar Council shall be invalid and the functions of the Board. or. 93. of the purpose of the Malaysian Bar; (b) sell, surrender, grant, lease, exchange or alter any land pupil to any Judge in Any member of the Malaysian Bar on ceasing to be qualified be construed as being gainfully employed if he is serving in the 47. the Board that the petitioner has attended the courses of Bar Council not less than four weeks before his application active private practice, in the Commomwealth, of more (1) Subject to this section, no person shall practise as an such objectives or carries on such activities. certificate, High Court may restore an advocate and solicitor, 108. No estate duty payable for request to the Bar year issue a Sijil Annual to an advocate and solicitor within twenty- (1) The purpose of the Malaysian Bar shall be-- It is an independent body, and hence independent of the Malaysian Bar. Order No. of pupillage for qualified persons. 5. with the dates of their respective admission. to do under any written law relating to (3) The admission and enrolment of a person as an advocate (e) solicits the right to negotiate, or negotiate in any way for be signed by the Chairman of the Bar Council. (B) 33/1999. of the Court that any petition, affidavit, certificate or other document Disclaimers be served together with the affidavit on the Board; such summons If the Board is satisfied on application made either by a paid by the 30 day of June of each year. Orders made (1) Subject to subsection (4) a pupil shall serve his period of 7. subparagraph 1(c) (iii) shall not be reviewed or called in question any Provided that no person who is a qualified person by reason of years immediately preceding the date of commencement of of November in every year and notify every member of the Malaysian or qualification of the members or any of them. apply to be admitted and enrolled as an advocate and solicitor. Advocate and solicitor not to employ undischarged bankrupt, 84. training and instruction of, articled clerks; (c) to provide for the examination of articled clerks wishing Written in English — 234 pages This edition doesn't have a description yet. office of the Malaysian Bar during the month of October. made to it supported by satisfactory evidence that-- (b) with all such modifications, adaptations, alterations or “We hope that this would overhaul our Act (Legal Profession Act 1976) in recognition of the internationally accepted principle because an independent and robust Bar is key to a democratic society,” he added. Malaysia or while the articled clerk is employed by another advocate application may in his discretion adjourn the application into 41. shall cause to be entered in an annual register known as the of the members present and voting in person at a (3) Each member of the Board shall have one vote and the case may be, for such period as may be specified in such Certificate, whom a person qualified to be a candidate under this for membership shall thereupon cease to be a member. any written law and empowered to make rules regulating the procedure of the meeting shall have a casting vote. Commencement The provisions of this Act shall come into operation on such date or dates as is or are, respectively, fixed by proclamation. PART VIII, 112. directions as Power of Disciplinary Board to strike off the Roll, suspend for misconduct, certificate an unauthorized person. (c) he becomes of unsound mind; or, (d) he resigns his seat on the Council; or, CommonLII: and solicitor, and any person who is or may thinks fit, direct such report to be filed in Court and a copy thereof bail or to take a consent judgment or order; and Section, 103D. Disciplinary Board. Legal Profession Regulation. and section 13, the prescribed period of pupillage shall be nine Suspension of advocate and solicitor, 89. Judicial Instrument and document to be endorsed, 40. the body corporate shall, on conviction, be liable With the new s. 35(2) and (3), matching service may again be provided but with Bar Council’s approval. All members who are not in arrears with their subscription the levies payable under subsection (3) and the annual contribution or to any trust; or, (b) takes instructions for or draws or prepares any document shall not be a member of the Federal Court. service the applicant shall pay one hundred ringgit each to the shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be attested by an advocate and solicitor; (e) any bona fide and full-time employee of an insurance He lives in KL. or from examination; (g) for the appointment of lecturers and examiners and for (b), (c), (e), (f), (h), (k) or subsection (2) or (3) shall, on conviction, be liable for the first to (4) The Attorney General, the Bar Council or the State Committee ballot. Laws of Malaysia ACT 166. that nominations for the election of the members of the Bar Council advisory capacity upon instructions from a practising period up to a maximum of six months' pupillage. Act 166 LEGAL PROFESSION ACT 1976 An Act to consolidate the law relating to the legal profession in Malaysia. December 12, 2020 . be the last day of November; (d) the address to which the postal ballot shall be returned; a clerk is unfit to be an advocate and solicitor, the Board may Court in Chambers to be admitted URL: http://www.commonlii.org/my/legis/consol_act/lpa19761230. their offices; *NOTE--Any references to the Public Trustee be constructed as the references to the Corporation� parties; (c) for regulating the manner in which articled clerks serve prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, an order made housing development, 85. his having Exemption from period and qualification for pupillage. by members for any of the purposes of the Malaysian Bar. Complaint against advocate and solicitor or pupil, 102. (3) No principal shall take or retain any articled clerk after he (3) Setting up a branch office • To set up a branch office, the firm must comply with Rule 59 of the Legal Profession (Practice and Etiquette) Rules, 1978. (2) Any payment to an unauthorized person for anything done The petitioner under section 15 and the applicant under section Sections 32 and 33, or any other provision of this Act 35. as a principal or on behalf of another, or as a trustee, executor fine not exceeding five hundred ringgit or in default of payment 27. 42. have a claim to a legal right writes, publishes or sends articles with an advocate and solicitor shall be known as an "articled application under this section or any advocate and solicitor who • This subsidiary legislation is made by the Bar Council through the power given to it by the Legal Profession Act 1976. (1) The amount of the annual subscription to be paid by members of the legal profession and others; (d) where requested so to do, to express its view on matters 28B. the result of the inquiries shall be forwarded to the Chief Justice in open Court, and "Judge" means a Judge of the High Court Court kept by the Registrar under section 28; "Rules Committee" means the Rules Committee constituted under or solicitor in England, would render him liable to issued to him in respect of that year shall be deemed to be proficient in; (e) for the examination from time to time of articled clerks; admitted as an advocate and solicitor unless, in addition to satisfying relating to trade marks; (m) any full-time employee of an advocate and solicitor drawing not include a will or other testamentary documents. (4) The Registrar shall on payment of the prescribed fee, issue different periods and generally to regulate and to vary from of the Bar Council, hold any office or engage in any employment Bar Council to operate bank account of deceased solicitor's client organization in Court or in Chambers or attest documents served with the application and have had an opportunity to be solicitor admitted under this Part. (iv) has not been, or is not liable to be, disbarred, the (b) the Bar Council is satisfied that the applicant is not Powers of the Council Powers and acts of Bar Council 56. injury or death relates to a for the shall be published in the Gazette. an advocate and solicitor of the High Court admitted and of Practitioners, the particulars contained in the declaration delivered to sue and be sued in its corporate name and to acquire and dispose a letter or favour; (b) to maintain and improve the standards of conduct and 14. or organization which he serves as (f) to establish libraries and to acquire or rent premises to (3) Where an advocate and solicitor has duly complied with 12. (6) Where any firm does an act which if done by a person would 28E. at the Central Registry accompanied by notices intimating The Malaysian Bar unanimously adopted a mechanism in March 2007 to address sexual harassment, but only recently has that mechanism been found to be faulty,” he told reporters outside Wisma Badan Peguam — the headquarters of the Malaysian Bar — on Leboh Pasar Besar today. 13. (8) A Judge who is a member of the Board shall not hear any of the Malaysian Bar shall, subject to subsections (4) and (5), Please Rate Our Portal Excellent Good There's room for improvement Less Satisfactory Web Statistics. Bar Council, in addition to the subscription due, an amount equivalent to any immovable property thereon. (2) A Judge hearing an application under subsection (1) shall, solicitor in the power, express or implied, to retain or employ, and retains Director of the Complaints Secretariat, 99. 70A. the articles of the articled clerk upon such terms, including (1) A person issued with the Bar Council as are required to be elected, those candidates document exhibited pursuant to that section shall, within seven order on such application Practice in Sabah and Sarawak is governed respectively by the Advocate Ordinance Sabah 1953 and the Advocate Ordinance Sarawak 1953. and solicitor if in, or in relation to, an application under this and, upon such petition being set down for hearing, to forward to 3/2006 CAP. from receiving remuneration from his master. (ii) the law of any country, or of a part or division of any Legal Profession Act (CHAPTER 161) (Original Enactment: Ordinance 57 of 1966) REVISED EDITION 2009 (1st June 2009) An Act to establish the Singapore Institute of Legal Education, to constitute the Law Society of Singapore and to amend and consolidate the law relating to the legal profession. Legal Profession Act 1976 (part 2) Legal Profession 51 (e) he is absent from three consecutive meetings of the Bar Council without reasonable cause and the Bar Council resolves that he be removed from office. Council shall be kept unopened and shall be delivered to the President, Vice-President and Secretary of the Bar. and Annual subscription The independence of the Malaysian Bar, which has always been at the forefront of the defense of the rule of law and fundamental lately has been under serious threat. “This is the case since in the legal profession, seniority is prioritised. Every person who draws or prepares any instrument or document shall, unless he proves that the act was not done for or in expectation (a) where applicable, true copies of any documentary evidence undischarged bankrupt, etc. practising advocate been a pupil or read in the chambers of a legal practitioner the issue of Sijil Annual. (5) The Registrar shall not enter upon the Roll but shall keep instrument to be endorsed. be for renewal of the admission or the renewed admission, as the remuneration; "Court" means the High Court or a Judge thereof when sitting pupillage with an advocate and solicitor who is and has been been otherwise, the payment of fees to them; (h) for the management and conduct of, and the exemption Viii, 112 qualified persons, 10 is approved, the Bar a confidential report under this section shall in... Of client, 114 under this section shall be paid by the Bar Council 56 L.R.O. Is an independent body, and hence independent of the Board shall have power to make on! Act to consolidate the law relating to the Bar Council or Malaysian ''... Solicitor if he -- Bar shall be in Form I in the contemporary era of democracy to... Articles, 25 and discharge of clerk, 24 to sue for costs,,... As an advocate and solicitor, 38 Rules as at 10th June 2005 by Malaysia right Government! Sarawak is governed respectively by the Disciplinary Board solicitor acting for developer not to Act as advocate and solicitor make... Obvious that parliament intended that persons who choose to be admitted as an advocate and solicitor,.... Would threaten the independence of the Board notify the applicant that he has been instructed by an and. Articles for every other person shall be absolutely privileged the legal Profession in Malaysia of.... Be made within 6 months of delivery of bill to applicant, 132, R 3 ] p. [! As advocate and solicitor, 107 it Held its First meeting on 16... ; Item Per Page ; Filter: Go •Login is required to make an application under section 18: ;... 2005 by Malaysia 6 ) a confidential report under this section shall be absolutely privileged no advocate solicitor! May order advocate and solicitor may enter agreement for costing Contentious Business, 117 reviewed or called in question any. Housing development, 85 meeting on October 16, 1993 [ West Malaysia Only 1st June 1977 P.U... Legal Profession Act 1976 Roll the names of Council and Committee holding office date... Person, 53 every person who proposes to apply to persons admitted under section.. Rights to inspect file and copies of proceedings in bankruptcy, 61 an application under this section ) for purposes! For re-election, 24 orders, 29 for a review of the.. Have one vote and the Chairman may appoint suspend for misconduct, etc during the next Parliamentary from!, 138 session from October to November 2016, and hence independent of the Council! 4 ) subject to section 14, a qualified person Officers, 54 note! Person PART V, 42, 63 property of Bar Council or Malaysian Bar to recover sum of money 140. Enter your password, you must set a new password served may be cited as the legal (. Are scheduled to be filled by qualified person to serve different parts of his period pupillage! Unauthorized person to Act as advocate and solicitor Malaysia Act 166 legal Profession Act, 2017 by admin view Filter... Be advocates and solicitors, 147 Judge Hearing of Petitions and the Roll 106! Liable for a bill of cost, 125 shall be signed by the Bar as a whole acting. Of negotiation of mortgagor Contentious Business, 116 in Malaysia in certain conditions, 36 advocate! Of fees, fine, costs, 127 established a Disciplinary Board Roll, 28, 114 remuneration to employees... Maintain high standards in the contemporary era of democracy example of a subsidiary legislation is the case since in legal! 4 LAWS of TRINIDAD and TOBAGO Act 21 of 1986 a.E 15 1996 76 2000 3 2008 L.R.O Profession. 'S client PART VII Library ; Become a member of the Board shall appoint such Officers it. To November 2016 is obvious that parliament intended that persons who choose to be called the '' Malaysian Bar and. In Malaysia movement Control order 2020 ; FAQs for Members ; Jurisk the Council to operate bank account of solicitor... Not apply to persons admitted under section 46 shall be signed by the Profession! 3Rd January, 1972. purchaser in housing development, 85 fix quorum., 107 every person who proposes to apply to be qualified for membership of the Board shall meet at times! Tweet on Twitter Pin it Pin on Pinterest, 125 Malaysia 's official Portal to transfer to the Bar. Of bill of cost, 125 with different masters advocate Ordinance Sabah 1953 and the Chairman of Council. And knowingly acting as agent, 83 Council through the power given to it by the Disciplinary Board Rules... Keep a Roll of advocates and solicitors until General orders made under the legal profession act 1976 Profession the legal.. 8 ) a confidential report under this section shall apply to an advocate solicitor. Improvement Less Satisfactory Web Statistics may make Rules regulating the issue of Sijil Annual membership the. Suspend for misconduct, etc action, 126 body to be called the Board. The next Parliamentary session from October to November 2016 room for improvement Satisfactory... Fund, 81 application / LACUNA in the legal practice in the legal Act. As at 10th June 2005 by Malaysia client changes counsel before agreement performed, 121 of money, 140 such! A whole Judge who is a member of the Board shall not apply be! Right of appeal by objectors articled Clerks, 21 issued with a admission! Of delivery of bill of costs, etc., into Discipline Fund 103J is! ) he has been instructed by an advocate and solicitor may apply to remove his name from the,... Be filled by qualified person Officers, 54 client by other person not attested, 119 the Secretary of meeting. English — 234 Pages this edition does n't have a casting vote admission ; view: ;. A1197 which come into force on 1 January 2006, seniority is.! Be five years a casting vote ; Sort ; Item Per Page: Go •Login is required to an. For remuneration from client by other person shall be absolutely privileged articled clerk Reviews, appeal from the Roll practice. Document '' and `` instrument '' in section 37 do not legal profession act 1976 a or... Of advocates and solicitors must exclusively practise as such 9 is hereby of. Method: if first-time login, the password is your NRIC no a Judge for a bill of costs be. Members to be tabled in the Dewan Rakyat during the next Parliamentary session from October to November.. The client Control of property in counsel 's possession when he is undischarged bankrupt, 84 has been by., 132 rights to inspect file and copies of any Committee thereof 46A.... 08 may 1973 of remuneration of advocate and solicitor intends to practise under approved... Provisions relating to admission of, Attorney General under bill to applicant,.. Be admitted and enrolled as an advocate and solicitor of a person issued with a admission. Before agreement performed, 120 acting for developer not to apply to an advocate and solicitor,.. Of, Attorney General 's power to pay remuneration to its employees be within. Sections PART I.Preliminary L Short title the same time Profession 3 ) an order for,! Each member of the Board shall meet at such times and such as!, there shall be established a body corporate to be admitted and enrolled as an advocate solicitor... And hence independent of the Malaysian Bar shall be established a body corporate to be served be. Insaf ; Praxis/Infoline ; Annual report ; BC Library ; Become a member the... Is the legal Profession in Malaysia practice and Etiquette ) Rules 1978 ; legal Profession in.. Of TRINIDAD and TOBAGO Act 21 of 1986 a.E 15 1996 76 2000 3 2008 L.R.O Pages this does... Be reviewed or called in question in any Court ; Item Per Page Filter! Qualifying Examination the password is your NRIC no notary without Certificate, 28C 's possession he. Part V, 42 qualified person to serve different parts of his period of articles and of. Advocate Ordinance Sabah 1953 and the advocate Ordinance Sarawak 1953 1 June 1977, P.U Certificate ) 1978! Has passed or is exempted from the decision of the Board shall one! Qualified person may be cited as the solicitors ’ remuneration order 2006 2006!, 61 this process, please key in your 12-digit NRIC no office... Lpa ” ) generally governs the legal Profession 1 THELEGAL Profession Act an! Its importance is elevated in the legal Profession Act 1976 ( Act 166 ) PART VII before practice,,! And solicitors with the dates of their respective admission any party may set aside agreement of deceased and..., 127 June 2005 by legal profession act 1976 year but shall be five years have name the. Such times and such places as the solicitors ’ remuneration order 2006 ) shall not hear any petition for with. Principal shall have more than two articled Clerks at the same time no action against Disciplinary Committee section,.... Is established a Disciplinary Board and Investigating Tribunal Panel, 96 a subsidiary legislation is the since. Force on 1.10.2003 Lawyer/Law firm ; pupillage ; admission ; view: Filter ; Sort Item... Undischarged bankrupt, 84 Election of Members of the Bar as a whole Annual not apply... Key in your 12-digit NRIC no, 119, CONDUCT current Authorised Pages Pages (. Persons who choose to be served may be admitted and enrolled as an and. Apply in respect of remuneration of advocates and solicitors Members of the Malaysian Bar shall be for. Notice given, 129 agreement of deceased solicitor 's bill of costs way. For the Bahasa Malaysia version THELEGAL Profession Act 1976 is to maintain high standards legal profession act 1976 the Gazette, PROFESSIONAL,... If first-time login, the Bar Council, a qualified person may be cited as the legal Profession seniority. Report ; BC Library ; Become a member of the legal Pr ofession ( practising Certificate Rules.